Question:–Explain
various dimensions of development. Discuss the role of family, teacher and
media in growth and development of a child?
Answer
: Various dimensions of child development refers to the way a child grows and
learns. There are four dimensions of child development: Physical
Development – The development and growth of the child’s body, muscles, and
senses. In infancy, a baby develops extremely rapidly in various ways. Babies
use their senses to learn to interact with the environment around them and
their bodies grow stronger and mature. One way babies learn to use their
bodies is by learning to achieve large physical tasks, or gross motor skills,
such as crawling and walking. An infant goes through a series of physical
milestones that build off each other to help him learn successively more
difficult and complex actions. Typically, the development of major
physical skills follows a pattern that starts with holding up the head,
leads to rolling over, sitting up, crawling and standing and finally culminates in
walking. Lifting of the head and pushing up on his arms develop
during months 2 to 3 of a baby’s life. Rolling over occurs around month 4,
and by month 6, most babies can sit up unassisted. Crawling occurs between
months 7 and 10, and sometime after 10 months, a baby will learn to stand and
take his first steps. Just after birth,
A
baby has little to no control over his neck muscles.Before any other physical
skills can be mastered, he must learn to lift and hold up his head. Arm
and leg development often come naturally to a baby as he stretches and
pushes with his limbs. Fine motor skills are just as important as the
large muscle development that babies go through. Infants often can first
grasp a toy at around 4 to 5 months of age. Between 9 and 12 months, the
infant’s pincer grasp develops, which is the ability to hold something between
his first two fingers instead of just with his whole hand. In the second year
of life, toddlers continue to become more mobile and more agile. Around 15
months, babies begin to climb stairs, high chairs, and furniture, but they
will not yet be able to get back down once they reach the top. By 18
months, toddlers’ balance becomes more stable as they can move more easily
on their feet around objects and begin walking backwards, sideways, in
circles, and even running. Near the end of their second year, toddlers
begin to develop complex gross motor skills such as throwing objects for
distance and kicking. By 24 months, they can jump in place and balance they
can jump in place and balance on one foot for a short period and may begin
peddling their first tricycle. At the end of the second year, toddlers are
very mobile and can run and walk quickly from one place to another.
Social
Development –
How
the child relates, plays and talks to others. A child is born in a social
environment where his/her personality development is shaped in accordance with
the norm of the society: (a) The sense of trust and mistrust develops in
children themselves and their environment. (b) The feeling of autonomy develops
in children. They begin to explore their environment independently. (c) The
social environment expands beyond home. (d) Children of both sexes play
together without any discrimination. They actively participate in group,
games in which physical energy is used such as hide and seek. (e) They
learn to cooperate with others and make friends on shared interests and similar
personality traits. (f) Children take interest in fairy tales and animal
stories. Emotional Development- the child’s awareness of self, how
the child feels about himself, expression of feelings and how he helps care for
himself. Emotions play an important role in life and contribute in
the personal and social adjustment of the individual provided they are
directed into wholesome expression. Emotions have the following effects on the
developing individual: a) Emotions give us energy to face a particular
situation in life. b) They work as motivators of our behaviour. c) Emotions add
pleasure to everyday experiences in life. e) They influence adjustment in the
society. f) Highly emotional conditions disturb mental equilibrium; reasoning
and thinking are disrupted. g) Emotions serve as a media of communication
between individuals and guide the individual to modify in order to conform to
the social standards. h) Emotional deprivation leads to personality
maladjustment.
Cognitive Development- the
way children think, reason, solve problems, and understand and use language. Babies
are not only growing physically during the first 2 years of life, but also
cognitively (mentally). While physical growth and change is easily observed and
measured in precise terms such as in inches and pounds, cognitive change and
development is a little harder to determine as clearly. Therefore, much
about what experts know about mental and cognitive development is based on
the careful observation of developmental theorists and their theories,
such as Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and Erickson’s
psychosocial stages. According to Piaget, newborns interact with their
environment entirely through reflexive behaviours. They do not think about what
they’re going to do, but rather follow their instincts and involuntary
reactions to get what they need: food, air, and attention. Piaget believed that
as babies begin to grow and learn about their environment through their senses,
they begin to engage in intentional, goaldirected behaviors. In other words,
they begin to think about what they want to accomplish, how to accomplish it,
and then they do it. This is also when infants develop object permanence, which
is the ability to understand that something still exists even if it can’t be
seen. These two milestones, goal-directed behaviour and object permanence, are
the highlights and major accomplishments of infant cognitive development.
Role of Teachers, Family and media in Child Development:- Role of Family:– The
proper role of the parent is to provide encouragement,
support, and access to activities that enable the child to master key
developmental tasks. A parent is their child’s first
teacher and should remain their best teacher throughout life. Role of
Teachers:- In every interaction, a teacher should nurture
appropriate growth and development. including interpreting words
and actions. Listening carefully helps teachers determines
a child’s needs and aids in furthering the child’s development. Teaching is
full of many responsibilities, roles, and challenges. Role of Media:-
The media plays a large role in the education and
socialisation process. There is need to both use and monitor television and
other media to ensure the maximum benefit to children.
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2)Question:-Do
you feel gender discrimination exists in our society? Justify your answer with
suitable examples.
Answer:-Yes,I
feel that gender discrimination exists in our society.Gender discrimination is
discrimination on the basis of sex. It is the unequal treatment of a person
based solely on that person’s sex.Gender discrimination is sometimes referred
to as sexism. Sexism occurs in any social situation where a prejudicial
treatment occurs which would not have occurred had they been the opposite sex.
Any unfair consideration, policy, practice or belief which treats men and women
unequally and hence restricts or denies choices for members of a particular sex
is gender discrimination. This is considered a form of prejudice and is illegal
in certainc circumstances.Providing separate toilets for boys and girls does
not tantamountt to discrimination. Instead, it is an act showing gender
sensitivity.
Example
of Gender Discrimination in our Society:- 1)A girl in a family wants to go to
her friend’s house for doing a project. She is either not allowed or asked to
come back before it is dusk. No such restrictions are placed on boys. Simply,
she is not allowed to do certain things because she is a ‘girl’. 2)In certain
cultures women are not allowed to drive. Men are not allowed to drive women
unless they are closely related to.Here, the dilemma is how to get the girls to
school in buses driven by men. If no men are allowed to come in contact with
schoolgirls, and women are not allowed to drive, who will be driving the school
buses? What will happen to the education of the girls? 3)We often see boys
playing in the open ground with lot of sports materials. Girls on the other
hand are allowed to play indoor games with hardly any play material.Sometimes
they are denied opportunities to play even the indoor games.
-----------------------------------
Dr. MUHAMMED SALEEM----------------------------
Assignment:
02
Question:01
1)Question:-Describe
various techniques of classroom motivation with suitable examples.
Answers:-Various
techniques of classroom motivation are explained below:- 1. First let your
students know your expectations, objectives and rules so they can better
understand what you’re looking for and what you’re not.Students should have
clear understanding of what they should do to succeed in studying. 2. You
should always look to give your students some democracy. For example, allow one
day for activities your students like most of all. Take a vote and let students
choose the class activities they would like to do that day. 3. You should keep
varying your teaching if your lessons combine various learning styles, teaching
methods and classroom activities, there’s a greater chance that almost all
students will be engaged. Different students prefer different methods, and if
you stick to one technique, that’s more likely that more students will be bored
and unmotivated.
4.
Always make sure that your material is clear and understandable for all
students. Examples are the best way to illustrate your words and clear things
up. Just give lots of exampales. Let students know that they are welcome to
share their own ideas and ask questions. 5. You should always look to set up a
spirit of friendly competition.Students should realise there will always be
those who study better and worse. And it’s up to them what group to join. To
live in society means to compete, and students should get used to this fact. 6.
Give shy students an opportunity to share their views with the class. Some
students tend to give no responses and generally keep silent during classes.
Encourage them to talk, if they don’t mind. 7. Give chances to improve.
Everybody has bad days, and sometimes a person needs one more chance. If you
are generous enough, students definitely appreciate it and stay motivated,
because they aren’t afraid of failure. 8. You should learn more about your
students.Get to know their names, interests, and goals. If you’re aware of
these things, you can make your teaching materials properly adjusted to each
group of students. It’s a well-known fact that people perceive information easier
if it fits with their personality types
Question
02:- Define concept of creativity. How will you develop teaching learning
material for fostering creativity? Discuss the role of ICT in fostering
creativity.
Answer:- Creativity
is an ability to be innovative, unusual, to be different from others or equals.
It is an ability to give novel responses, new answers and establish new
relationships. The child may combine two or more unrelated words or ideas and
give a new answer. The use of gadgets in novel ways is another way children
express themselves. You may recall the funny answer given by your student in
the class for example, when a teacher asked for the third eye and where it
should be, a student said it should be in the tip of his forefinger. Similarly,
when students were asked to think of a new machine, a girl said she wants a
plant making machine. When the teacher is interested in fostering creativity,
he/she has to have lot of patience, open mindedness, etc. and has to control
his/her irritation, anger, frustration etc.At times ,he/she may have to act
along with the students, as though he is also puzzled. The children must be
given enough freedom to think, sit in anyway they like, in other words he/she
should learn to tolerate disorder in the classroom. Torrance and Myers have
given a few principles for the teachers who wish foster creativity in children
Be respectful of children’s ideas. Be respectful of imaginative and unusual
ideas. Show to the pupils that their ideas have value. Encourage and evaluate
the self initiated learning. Tie in evaluation with causes and consequences.
The activities they develop or the instructional materials must have the
following characteristics: The activities must lead to a number of possible
responses. The activities must be open ended. The activities may have a catch
in them, so that it helps the students in flexible thinking. The activities can
be for developing the individual abilities, like fluency, flexibility,
originality, inquisitiveness, persistency, elaboration and sensitivity to
problems, etc. The activities may not be immediately implementable but still,
they are of value to us in the classroom. You can collect a number of puzzles,
riddles, mystery plots and divergent thinking questions and keep them ready to
use in the class. The activities must develop imagination and they must not
insist on a stereotyped behavior. The activities may be from the models
developed by creativity researchers. The activities may be extension of the
lesson in the text and hence become topical in nature.
ROLE
OF ICT IN FOSTERING CREATIVITY
Many
ICT tools are available which could be used by a teacher in the context
of developing creativity .Some of the tools immediately available are
black board, poster, charts, audio cassette player, overhead projector, and
sometimes computer.Each of these could be made use of while presenting the
activities mentioned above . For example back board/charts could be used to
present a picture on which a story required to be written by students, on a
audio cassette a partial story could be recorded and played in the class and
asking the students to complete a story. Many figures could be had on the
computer screen which is some what abstract, and students can be asked to
interpret them. Many puzzle and riddles are available on the websites, which
can be solved individually, without asking for anybody’s help.Mystery plots and
divergent thinking questions can be posed by the computers with pictures, so
that students can understand the problems well and answer them creatively
Morphogical synthesis can be worked on the computer, where details of the
parameters can be worked out and details can be combined to arrive at a novel
response. These are only a few suggestion and many more can be worked out by the
teachers based up on his creativity in using the ICT tools.
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By – Dr.MUHammed Saleem_________-----------
Assignment:
03
Question:01
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