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NIOS DELED COURSE CODE 510 SHORT 5 MARK Q ANS IN ENGLIGH

Q 1. Write the contribution of Indian philosophers ?

Ans.

India made a pioneering headway in the field of Mathematics, medicine,

astronomy,

Agriculture, Environment, Chemistry, Aviation, Yoga and Architecture.

The oldest Indian

scripture Vedas were written about 7000 years ago Four Vedas were

written in 5000 BC: Rigveda , Yajurveda , Samveda and Atharvaveda.

Each Veda has four parts: Samhita, Aranyak, Brahmana and Upanishad.

“Kalpa”

means a Sutra text. Four sutras have been described in Kalpa.

(i) rihya Sutra which

speaks about Vedic duties performed by house holders.

(ii) dharma sutra speaks

about Ethical and Moral codes.

(iii) ta Sutra gives you the way Rituals and Vedic Sacrifice is

performed

(iv) shulba Sutra is all about Algebric calculations.

Now let us see some of the important contributions, Indians made in

Vedic period.

Speed of light has been calculated in Rigved Samhita, Mandalam 1,

Sukta 50, Mantra

4. Madhava Infinite series gave rational approximation to =

3.14159265359.Shulba

Theorem [ 3000 BC] is generally attributed to Pythagoras[582 BC].

Yajnavalkya

[1800 BC] talks about importance of “108”. The Sankhya philosophy by

Kapila is

like Darwinism.

Q.2. Write the contribution of Western natural philosophers.

Ans.

Western Philosophers and natural Scientists led the foundation of

scientific methodology

and the centre of learning was established in Greece. Here are few

examples. Pythagoras

a native of Greece [582 BC] brought the mathematical idea of Egyptians

with a precise

proof later well-known as Pythagorean theorem. Hippocrates from

Greek island of Cos [460 BC] was the father of modern Medicine.

Aristotle [384 BC] was an outstanding teacher and had a remarkable

understanding of Scientific method as we recognize it today.

Archimedes [287 BC] studied at the famous school of Mathematics in

Alexandria . He was a scientist and

a mathematician of extraordinary

greatness –

“One man and one intellect – a host in itself”.

Q.3. what is science ? write the Definition and General

Characteristics ?

Ans.

Science is a reliable process by which we learn about all the stuff in this

universe.

Science relies in testing ideas with evidence gathered from the natural

world. Why is

the sky blue? Why did the rain drops come downwards? Why are the

roses of different

colors? Are some of the innocent questions which a child may ask? It is

only with the

science that we can answer such questions without resorting to magical

explanation.

Without science modern world will never be modern at all, and we still

have much to

learn. The most important character of science is that it is straight

forward. The aim of

science is to uncover the real working of the natural world, and that

requires honesty.

You can not get to the truth by exaggerating results, managing numbers,

selectively

reporting data or interpreting evidence in a biased way. Hence scientists

expect other

scientists to act with integrity. Any thing that we do in science has to

have objectivity.

Science can be defined as “An accumulated and systematized learning in

general usage

restricted to natural phenomenon”

Q.4. write a short note on Philosophy of Science ?

Ans.

Reductionism is another concept in philosophy of science. It is a belief

that all fields of

study are ultimately amenable to scientific explanation. Perhaps a

historical event might

be explained in sociological and psychological terms, which in turn

might be described

in terms of human physiology, which in turn might be described in terms

of Chemistry

and Physics. .Daniel Dennett innovated the term Greedy reductionism.

In this he claims

that it is just a “Bad Science” seeking to find explanations which are

appealing or

eloquent, rather than those that are of use in predicting natural

phenomena. .

Daniel Dennett in his book “Darwin’s dangerous idea” [1995] says

“There is no such thing as a philosophy-free science, there is only

science whose philosophical baggage is taken on border without

examination”.

Q.5. explain the Process of Science and write the Main

Characteristics of the process of science ?

Ans.

Every day experience of deducing that your scooter won’t start because

of carbon in the spark plug, or that the centipedes in your backyard

prefer a shady rock, share similarities with classical scientific

discoveries like working out DNA’s double helix. These activities

involve making observations and analyzing evidences, and they all

provide the satisfaction of finding an answer that make sense of all the

facts. In fact some psychologists argue that the way individual humans

learn , especially children ,bears a lot of similarity to the process of

science both involve making observations ,considering evidence , testing

ideas and holding on to those that work.

Main Characteristics of the process of science

i. Science proceeds on the assumption based on centuries of experience

that the universe is not capricious.

ii. Science knowledge is based on observation of samples of matter that

are accessible to public investigation in contrast to purely private

inspection.

iii. Science proceeds in a piecemeal manner even though it also aims at

achieving a systematic and comprehensive understanding of various

aspects of nature.

iv. Science is not and probably never will be a finished enterprise and

there remains very much more to be discovered about how things in the

universe behave and how they are interrelated.

v. Measurement is an important feature of most branches of modern

science because the formation as well as the establishment of laws are

facilitated through the development of quantitative distinctions .